Journal of Critical Care
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 18-26 , March 2007

Prospective study of risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter species

  • Julio Medina, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo CP 11600, Uruguay
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +598 2 4876981; fax: +598 2 4876981.
  • ,
  • Carlos Formento, MD

      Affiliations

    • Unidad Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • ,
  • Julio Pontet, MD

      Affiliations

    • Unidad Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
    • Physiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • ,
  • Andrea Curbelo, MD

      Affiliations

    • Unidad Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Policial, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • ,
  • Cristina Bazet, MD

      Affiliations

    • Laboratorio Clínico, Departamento de Microbiología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
    • Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • ,
  • Jorge Gerez, MD

      Affiliations

    • Unidad Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Policial, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • ,
  • Eduardo Larrañaga, MD

      Affiliations

    • Unidad Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Policial, Montevideo, Uruguay

References 

  1. Baraibar J, Correa H, Mariscal D, et al. Risk factors for infection by Acinetobacter baumannii in intubated patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Chest. 1997;112:1050–1054
  2. Akca O, Koltka K, Usel S, et al. Risk factors for early-onset, ventilator-associated pneumonia in critical care patients: selected multiresistant versus nonresistant bacteria. Anesthesiology. 2000;93(3):638–645
  3. Husni R, Goldstein L, Arroliga A, et al. Risk factors for an outbreak of multi-drug-resistant acinetobacter nosocomial pneumonia among intubated patients. Chest. 1999;115:1378–1382
  4. Lortholary O, Fagon JY, Hoi AB, et al. Nosocomial acquisition of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii: risk factors and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(4):790–796
  5. Garnacho J, Sole-Violan J, Sa-Borges M, et al. Clinical impact of pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in intubated patients: a matched cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(10):2478–2482
  6. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Hance AJ, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay. Am J Med. 1993;94(3):281–288
  7. Koprnova J, Svetlansky I, Babel'a R, et al. Prospective study of antibacterial susceptibility, risk factors and outcome of 157 episodes of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in 1999 in Slovakia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33(12):891–895
  8. Kollef MH, Fraser VJ. Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(4):298–314
  9. Landman D, Quale JM, Mayorga D, et al. Citywide clonal outbreak of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn, NY: the preantibiotic era has returned. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(13):1515–1520
  10. Bergogne-Bérézin E, Townern KJ. Acinetobacter spp. As nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9:148–165
  11. Arnow P, Flaherty JP. Nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. In:  Mayhall CG editors. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 431–451
  12. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation: prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139:877–884
  13. Villers D, Espaze E, Coste-Burel M, et al. Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections: microbiological and clinical epidemiology. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:182–189
  14. Johanson WG, Pierce A, Sanford J, et al. Nosocomial respiratory infections with gram negative bacilli: the significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med. 1972;77:701–706
  15. Pingleton SK, Fagon JY, Leeper KV. Patient selection for clinical investigation of ventilator-associated pneumonia: criteria for evaluating diagnostic techniques. Chest. 1992;102:553S–556S
  16. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1109–1115
  17. Flanagan P, Findlay G, Magee J, et al. The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia using non-bronchoscopic, non-directed lung lavages. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:20–30
  18. Montravers P, Fagon JY, Chastre J, Lecso M, Dombret MC, Trouillet JL, et al. Follow-up protected specimen brushes to assess treatment in nosocomial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(1):38–44
  19. Bergmans D, Bonten M, Leeuw P, et al. Reproducibility of quantitative cultures of endotracheal aspirates from mechanically ventilated patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:796–798
  20. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149(3 Pt 1):818–824
  21. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovates therapies in sepsis. The ACCP (An American College of Chest Physician), SCCM (Society of Critical Care Medicine) Consensus conference committee. Chest. 1992;101:1644–1655
  22. Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1102–1108
  23. Dennesen P, van der Ven A, Kessels A, Ramsay G, Bonten M. Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1371–1375
  24. Schreckenberger PC, Von Graevenitz . Acinetobacter, achomobacter, Alcaligenes, Moraxella, methylobacterium, and other nonfermentative gram negative rods. In:  En Murray P,  Baron E,  Pfaller M,  Tenover F,  Molken R editor. Manual of clinical microbiology. 7th ed.. Washington (DC): American Society of Microbiology; 1999;p. 539–560
  25. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Eleventh informational Supplement NCCLS M 100 S 11 Wayne, Pa, 2001.
  26. Zwillich C, Pierson D, Creagh E, et al. Complications of assisted ventilation. A prospective Study of 354 consecutive Episodes. Am J Med. 1974;57:161–170
  27. McCabe W, Jackson G. Gram-negative bacteriemia. Arch Intern Med. 1962;110:847–864
  28. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818–819
  29. Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, et al. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med. 1995;23:1638–1652
  30. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22:707–710
  31. Mamdani M, Sykora K, Li P, Normand S, Streiner D, Austin P, et al. Reader's guide to critical appraisal of cohort studies: assessing potential for confounding. BMJ. 2005;330:960–962
  32. Costa SF, Newbaer M, Santos CR, Basso M, Soares I, Levin AS. Nosocomial pneumonía: importante of recognition of etiologic agents to define an aprópiate inicial empirical therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;17(2):147–150
  33. Santucci SG, Gobara S, Santos CR, Fontana C, Levin AS. Infections in burn intensive care unit: experience of seven years. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53(1):6–13
  34. Trouillet J-L, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Joly-Guillou M-L, Combaux D, Dombret M-C, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:531–539
  35. Chastre J. Infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii in the ICU. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;(24):69–77
  36. Gruson D, Hilbert G, Vargas F, et al. Rotation and restricted use of antibiotics in a medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:837–843
  37. Raymond D, Pelletier S, Crabtree T, et al. Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious mortality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:1101–1108
  38. PetriJr W. Antimicrobial agents: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics. In:  Hardman JG,  Limbird LE,  Gilman AG editor. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001;p. 1171–1188

PII: S0883-9441(06)00119-5

doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.06.010

Journal of Critical Care
Volume 22, Issue 1 , Pages 18-26 , March 2007