Journal of Critical Care
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 275-280 , September 2008

The role of HIV infection and drug and alcohol dependence in hospital mortality among critically ill patients

  • A. Palepu, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Y6
    • Division of Internal Medicine
    • Department of Medicine
    • University of British Columbia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • N.A. Khan, MD, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Y6
    • Division of Internal Medicine
    • Department of Medicine
    • University of British Columbia
  • ,
  • M. Norena, MSc

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Y6
  • ,
  • H. Wong, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Care and Epidemiology
    • HIV Clinical Trials Network
    • University of British Columbia
  • ,
  • D.R. Chittock, MD, MS (Epi)

      Affiliations

    • Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital
    • University of British Columbia
  • ,
  • P.M. Dodek, MD, MHSc

      Affiliations

    • Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Y6
    • Department of Medicine
    • Division of Critical Care Medicine, Providence Health Care
    • University of British Columbia

References 

  1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . In: Office of Applied Studies. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2003: Interim National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. DAWN Series D-26, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3972. 2004;Rockville, MD
  2. Palepu A, Tyndall MW, Leon H, Muller J, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, et al. Hospital utilization and costs in a cohort of injection drug users. CMAJ. 2001;165:415–420
  3. Single E, Rehm J, Robson L, Truong MV. The relative risks and etiologic fractions of different causes of death and disease attributable to alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use in Canada. CMAJ. 2000;162:1669–1675
  4. Single E, Robson L, Rehm J, Xie X. Morbidity and mortality attributable to alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use in Canada. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:385–390
  5. Mokhlesi B, Garimella PS, Joffe A, Velho V. Street drug abuse leading to critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:1526–1536
  6. Wilson KC, Saukkonen JJ. Acute respiratory failure from abused substances. J Intensive Care Med. 2004;19:183–193
  7. Morris A, Creasman J, Turner J, Luce JM, Wachter RM, Huang L. Intensive care of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:262–267
  8. Nickas G, Wachter RM. Outcomes of intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:541–547
  9. Nuesch R, Geigy N, Schaedler E, Battegay M. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on hospitalization characteristics of HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:684–687
  10. Narasimhan M, Posner AJ, DePalo VA, Mayo PH, Rosen MJ. Intensive care in patients with HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest. 2004;125:1800–1804
  11. Casalino E, Wolff M, Ravaud P, Choquet C, Bruneel F, Regnier B. Impact of HAART advent on admission patterns and survival in HIV-infected patients admitted to an intensive care unit. AIDS. 2004;18:1429–1433
  12. Strathdee SA, Patrick DM, Currie SL, Cornelisse PG, Rekart ML, Montaner JS, et al. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS. 1997;11:F59–F65
  13. Hogg R, Heath K, Yip B, Craib K, O'Shaughnessy M, Schechter M, et al. Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 1998;279:450–454
  14. Hogg RS, Yip B, Kully C, Craib KJ, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, et al. Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens. CMAJ. 1999;160:659–665
  15. Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:853–860
  16. Miller RF, Allen E, Copas A, Singer M, Edwards SG. Improved survival for HIV infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax. 2006;61:716–721
  17. Huang L, Quartin A, Jones D, Havlir DV. Intensive care of patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:173–181
  18. Strathdee SA, Palepu A, Cornelisse PG, Yip B, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS, et al. Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users. JAMA. 1998;280:547–549
  19. Palepu A, Horton NJ, Tibbetts N, Meli S, Samet JH. Uptake and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected people with alcohol and other substance use problems: the impact of substance abuse treatment. Addiction. 2004;99:361–368
  20. Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Cohn S, Shadle VM, Obasanjo O, Moore RD. Self-reported antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users. JAMA. 1998;280:544–546
  21. Celentano DD, Galai N, Sethi AK, Shah NG, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, et al. Time to initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS. 2001;15:1707–1715
  22. Lucas GM, Gebo KA, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Longitudinal assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV-1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic. AIDS. 2002;16:767–774
  23. Lucas GM, Cheever LW, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Detrimental effects of continued illicit drug use on the treatment of HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:251–259
  24. Raine R, Goldfrad C, Rowan K, Black N. Influence of patient gender on admission to intensive care. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56:418–423
  25. Young JD, Goldfrad C, Rowan K. Development and testing of a hierarchical method to code the reason for admission to intensive care units: the ICNARC coding method. Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:543–548
  26. de Keizer NF, Bonsel GJ, Goldfad C, Rowan KM. The added value that increasing levels of diagnostic information provide in prognostic models to estimate hospital mortality for adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:577–584
  27. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818–829
  28. Hutchings A, Raine R, Brady A, Wildman M, Rowan K. Socioeconomic status and outcome from intensive care in England and Wales. Med Care. 2004;42:943–951
  29. Morris A, Masur H, Huang L. Current issues in critical care of the human immunodeficiency virus–infected patient. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:42–49
  30. Norena M, Wong H, Thompson WD, Keenan SP, Dodek PM. Severity of illness and comorbidity scores as predictors of intensive care outcomes. Journal of Critical Care. 2007;[in press]
  31. Thompson W, Dodek PM, Norena M, Dodek J. Computerized physician order entry of diagnostic tests in an intensive care unit is associated with improved timeliness of service. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:1306–1309
  32. Public Health Agency of Canada . In: HIV and AIDS in Canada. Surveillance report to June 30, 2006. Ottawa: Surveillance and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada; 2006;
  33. Alves C, Nicolas JM, Miro JM, Torres A, Agusti C, Gonzalez J, et al. Reappraisal of the aetiology and prognostic factors of severe acute respiratory failure in HIV patients. Eur J Respir Dis. 2001;17:87–93
  34. Rosenberg AL, Seneff MG, Atiyeh L, Wagner R, Bojanowski L, Zimmerman JE. The importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance. Crit Care Med. 2001;29:548–556
  35. Dodek PM. Surviving sepsis: but for how long?. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:171–173
  36. Afessa B, Green B. Clinical course, prognostic factors, and outcome prediction for HIV patients in the ICU. The PIP (pulmonary complications, ICU support, and prognostic factors in hospitalized patients with HIV) study. Chest. 2000;118:138–145

 The authors have no personal or financial support or other involvement with organizations with financial interest in the subject matter, or any conflicts of interest to disclose.

☆☆ Institution where research was conducted: Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia.

PII: S0883-9441(07)00046-9

doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.04.001

Journal of Critical Care
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 275-280 , September 2008