Journal of Critical Care
Volume 24, Issue 1 , Pages 21-28 , March 2009

Clinical limitations of acetylcholinesterase antagonists

References 

  1. Martyn JAJ, Standaert FJ, Miller RD. In:  Miller RD editors. Neuromuscular physiology and pharmacology, anesthesia. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000;p. 735–751
  2. Prior CB, Marshall IG. In:  Hemmings HCs,  Hopkins PM editor. Neuromuscular junction physiology, foundations of anesthesia. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006;p. 435–443
  3. Jonsson M, Gurley D, Dabrowski M, et al. Distinct pharmacologic properties of neuromuscular blocking agents on human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: a possible explanation for the train-of-four fade. Anesthesiology. 2006;105:521–533
  4. Bowman WC. In:  Fukushima K,  Ochiai R editor. Mechanisms of action of reversal agents, muscle relaxants: physiologic and pharmacologic aspects. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag; 1995;p. 19–30
  5. Mirakhur RK. In:  Goldhill DR,  Flynn PJ editor. Antagonism of neuromuscular blockade, Bailliere's clinical anesthesiology: muscle relaxants. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1994;p. 461–481
  6. Mirakhur RK, McCarthy GJ. Basic pharmacology of reversal agents. Anesth Clin North Am. 1993;11:237
  7. Bevan DR, Bevan JC, Donati F. Pharmacodynamic principles, muscle relaxants. In:  Bevan DR,  Bevan JC,  Donati F editor. Clinical anesthesia. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers Inc.; 1988;p. 71–99
  8. Bevan DR, Bevan JC, Donati F. Muscle relaxants in clinical anesthesia. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1988;
  9. Bartkowski RR. Incomplete reversal of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:594–598
  10. Barber HE, Calvey TN, Muir KT. The relationship between the pharmacokinetics, cholinesterase inhibition and facilitation of twitch tension of the quaternary ammonium anticholinesterase drugs, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium and 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium. Br J Pharmacol. 1979;66:525–530
  11. Morris RB, Cronnelly R, Miller RD, et al. Pharmacokinetics of edrophonium and neostigmine when antagonizing d-tubocurarine neuromuscular blockade in man. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:399–401
  12. Cronnelly R, Morris RB, Miller RD. Edrophonium: duration of action and atropine requirement in humans during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1982;57:261–266
  13. Donati F, Smith CE, Bevan DR. Dose-response relationships for edrophonium and neostigmine as antagonists of moderate and profound atracurium blockade. Anesth Analg. 1989;68:13–19
  14. Kopman AF. In:  Rupp SM editors. Antagonism of profound neuromuscular blockade, problems in anesthesia: neuromuscular relaxants. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; 1989;p. 405–420
  15. Eriksson LI. Residual neuromuscular blockade. Incidence and relevance. Anaesthesist. 2000;49(Suppl 1):S18–S19
  16. Caldwell JE, Robertson EN, Baird WL. Antagonism of profound neuromuscular blockade induced by vecuronium or atracurium. Comparison of neostigmine with edrophonium. Br J Anaesth. 1986;58:1285–1289
  17. Magorian TT, Lynam DP, Caldwell J, et al. Can early administration of neostigmine, in single or divided doses, alter the course of neuromuscular recovery from a vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade?. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:410–414
  18. Bevan DR, Smith CE, Donati F. Postoperative neuromuscular blockade: a comparison between atracurium, vecuronium, and pancuronium. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:272–276
  19. Murphy GS. Residual neuromuscular blockade: incidence, assessment, and relevance in the postoperative period. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006;72:97–109
  20. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, et al. Residual paralysis at the time of tracheal extubation. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:1840–1845
  21. Ali H, Savarese J, Lewbowitz P, et al. Twitch, tetanus and train-of-four as indices of recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology. 1981;54:294–297
  22. Brand JB, Cullen DJ, Wilson NE, et al. Spontaneous recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade: correlation between clinical and evoked responses. Anesth Analg. 1977;56:55–58
  23. Naguib M, Kopman AF, Ensor JE. Neuromuscular monitoring and postoperative residual curarisation: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98:302–316
  24. Eriksson LI, Sundman E, Olsson R, et al. Functional assessment of the pharynx at rest and during swallowing in partially paralyzed humans: simultaneous videomanometry and mechanomyography of awake human volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:1035–1043
  25. Kopman AF, Yee PS, Neuman GG. Relationship of the train-of-four fade ratio to clinical signs and symptoms of residual paralysis in awake volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:765–771
  26. Sundman E, Witt H, Olsson R, et al. The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:977–984
  27. Kirkegaard H, Heier T, Caldwell JE. Efficacy of tactile-guided reversal from cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular block. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:45–50
  28. Baillard C, Clec'h C, Catineau J, et al. Postoperative residual neuromuscular block: a survey of management. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95:622–626
  29. Fruergaard K, Viby-Mogensen J, Berg H, et al. Tactile evaluation of the response to double burst stimulation decreases, but does not eliminate, the problem of postoperative residual paralysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42:1168–1174
  30. Gatke MR, Viby-Mogensen J, Rosenstock C, et al. Postoperative muscle paralysis after rocuronium: less residual block when acceleromyography is used. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:207–213
  31. Hayes AH, Mirakhur RK, Breslin DS, et al. Postoperative residual block after intermediate-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anaesthesia. 2001;56:312–318
  32. Barth CD, Ebert TJ. In:  Hemmings HCS,  Hopkins PM editor. Autonomic nervous system, foundations of anesthesia. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006;p. 403–417
  33. Clutton RE, Boyd C, Flora R, et al. Autonomic and cardiovascular effects of neuromuscular blockade antagonism in the dog. Vet Surg. 1992;21:68–75
  34. Triantafillou AN, Tsueda K, Berg J, et al. Refractory bradycardia after reversal of muscle relaxant in a diabetic with vagal neuropathy. Anesth Analg. 1986;65:1237–1241
  35. Kido K, Mizuta K, Mizuta F, et al. Coronary vasospasm during the reversal of neuromuscular block using neostigmine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005;49:1395–1396
  36. Muir AW, Houston J, Marshall RJ, et al. A comparison of the neuromuscular blocking and autonomic effects of two new short-acting muscle relaxants with those of succinylcholine in the anesthetized cat and pig. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:533–540
  37. van Vlymen JM, Parlow JL. The effects of reversal of neuromuscular blockade on autonomic control in the perioperative period. Anesth Analg. 1997;84:148–154
  38. Cozanitis DA, Dundee JW, Merrett JD, et al. Evaluation of glycopyrrolate and atropine as adjuncts to reversal of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents in a "true-to-life" situation. Br J Anaesth. 1980;52:85–89
  39. Mirakhur RK, Dundee JW, Clarke RS. Glycopyrrolate-neostigmine mixture for antagonism of neuromuscular block: comparison with atropine-neostigmine mixture. Br J Anaesth. 1977;49:825–829
  40. Mirakhur RK, Dundee JW, Jones CJ, et al. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade: dose determination studies with atropine and glycopyrrolate given before or in a mixture with neostigmine. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:557–562
  41. Radulovic M, Spungen AM, Wecht JM, et al. Effects of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate on pulmonary resistance in spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2004;41:53–58
  42. Berg H, Roed J, Viby-Mogensen J, et al. Residual neuromuscular block is a risk factor for postoperative pulmonary complications. A prospective, randomised, and blinded study of postoperative pulmonary complications after atracurium, vecuronium and pancuronium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41:1095–1103
  43. Cheng CR, Sessler DI, Apfel CC. Does neostigmine administration produce a clinically important increase in postoperative nausea and vomiting?. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1349–1355
  44. Gan TJ. Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:1884–1898
  45. Lovstad RZ, Thagaard KS, Berner NS, et al. Neostigmine 50 microg kg(−1) with glycopyrrolate increases postoperative nausea in women after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:495–500
  46. Olivieri L, Pierdominici S, Testa G, et al. Dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses and anaesthesia. Ital J Surg Sci. 1988;18:217–221
  47. Buzello W, Krieg N, Brobmann GF. [Neostigmine and dehiscence of intestinal anastomoses (author's transl)]. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed. 1982;17:81–85
  48. Garcia-Olmo DC, Garcia-Rivas M, Garcia-Olmo D. Does neostigmine have a deleterious effect on the resistance of colonic anastomoses?. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1998;15:38–43
  49. Payne JP, Hughes R, Al Azawi S. Neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine in anaesthetized man. Br J Anaesth. 1980;52:69–76
  50. Astley BA, Katz RL, Payne JP. Electrical and mechanical responses after neuromuscular blockade with vecuronium, and subsequent antagonism with neostigmine or edrophonium. Br J Anaesth. 1987;59:983–988
  51. Caldwell JE. Reversal of residual neuromuscular block with neostigmine at one to four hours after a single intubating dose of vecuronium. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:1168–1174
  52. Goldhill DR, Wainwright AP, Stuart CS, et al. Neostigmine after spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Effect on depth of blockade monitored with train-of-four and tetanic stimuli. Anaesthesia. 1989;44:293–299
  53. Eikermann M, Fassbender P, Malhotra A, et al. Unwarranted administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can impair genioglossus and diaphragm muscle function. Anesthesiology. 2007;107:621–629
  54. Arbous MS, Meursing AE, van Kleef JW, et al. Impact of anesthesia management characteristics on severe morbidity and mortality. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:257–268quiz 491-2
  55. Debaene B, Plaud B, Dilly MP, et al. Residual paralysis in the PACU after a single intubating dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant with an intermediate duration of action. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:1042–1048
  56. Beemer GH, Bjorksten AR, Dawson PJ, et al. Determinants of the reversal time of competitive neuromuscular block by anticholinesterases. Br J Anaesth. 1991;66:469–475
  57. Beemer GH, Goonetilleke PH, Bjorksten AR. The maximum depth of an atracurium neuromuscular block antagonized by edrophonium to effect adequate recovery. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:852–858
  58. Katz RL. Neuromuscular effects of d-tubocurarine, edrophonium and neostigmine in man. Anesthesiology. 1967;28:327–336
  59. Morita T, Tsukagoshi H, Sugaya T, et al. Inadequate antagonism of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block by neostigmine during sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1995;80:1175–1180
  60. Kirkegaard-Nielsen H, Caldwell JE, Abengochea A, et al. Does discontinuation of desflurane at the time of neostigmine administration speed recovery from cisatracurium block compared to that with a propofol-based technique?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45:618–623
  61. Biro K. Effects of respiratory and metabolic alkalosis and acidosis on pipecuronium neuromuscular block. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988;154:329–333
  62. Wirtavuori K, Salmenpera M, Tammisto T. Effect of hypocarbia and hypercarbia on the antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with neostigmine in man. Br J Anaesth. 1982;54:57–61
  63. Saitoh Y, Hattori H, Sanbe N, et al. Reversal of vecuronium with neostigmine in patients with diabetes mellitus. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:750–754
  64. Suzuki T, Masaki G, Ogawa S. Neostigmine-induced reversal of vecuronium in normal weight, overweight and obese female patients. Br J Anaesth. 2006;97:160–163
  65. Pogson D, Telfer J, Wimbush S. Prolonged vecuronium neuromuscular blockade associated with Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:914–917
  66. Bouw J, Leendertse K, Tijssen MA, et al. Stiff person syndrome and anesthesia: case report. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:486–487table of contents
  67. Sun KO. Central anticholinergic syndrome following reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:363–365
  68. Fawcett WJ, Stone JP. Recurarization in the recovery room following the use of magnesium sulphate. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:435–438
  69. Takiguchi M, Takaya T. Potentiation of neuromuscular blockade by calcium channel blockers. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 1994;19:131–137
  70. Jones RM, Cashman JN, Casson WR, et al. Verapamil potentiation of neuromuscular blockade: failure of reversal with neostigmine but prompt reversal with edrophonium. Anesth Analg. 1985;64:1021–1025
  71. Hasfurther DL, Bailey PL. Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43:617–620
  72. Kronenfeld MA, Thomas SJ, Turndorf H. Recurrence of neuromuscular blockade after reversal of vecuronium in a patient receiving polymyxin/amikacin sternal irrigation. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:93–94
  73. Heier T, Caldwell JE, Sessler DI, et al. Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases duration of action and spontaneous recovery of vecuronium blockade during nitrous oxide–isoflurane anesthesia in humans. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:815–819
  74. Heier T, Clough D, Wright PM, et al. The influence of mild hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and time course of action of neostigmine in anesthetized volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:90–95

PII: S0883-9441(08)00179-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2008.08.003

Journal of Critical Care
Volume 24, Issue 1 , Pages 21-28 , March 2009