Risk factors and treatment outcome in scuba divers with spinal cord decompression sickness

Abstract 

Purpose

This study was designed to determine the recompression strategy and the potential risk factors associated with the development of severe diving-related spinal cord decompression sickness (DCS).

Material and Methods

Sixty-three injured recreational divers (52 men and 11 women; 46 ± 12 years) presenting with symptoms of spinal involvement were retrospectively included. Diving information, symptom latency after dive completion, and time interval between symptom onset and hyperbaric treatment were studied. The severity of spinal cord DCS was rated numerically for both the acute event and 1-month later. Initial recompression treatment at 2.8 atmosphere absolute (ATA) with 100% oxygen breathing or deeper recompression at 4 atmosphere absolute with nitrogen-oxygen or helium-oxygen breathing mixture was also noted.

Results

Twenty-one divers (33%) had incomplete resolution after 1 month. The clinical severity at presentation was the only independent predictor of poor outcome (odd ratio, 2.68; P < .033). Time to treatment did not influence the recovery with a similar median delay (3 hours) between the divers with or without long-term sequelae. Choice of recompression procedure was not also a determinant factor for treatment outcome.

Conclusion

The initial clinical course before treatment is a major prognostic factor of spinal cord DCS. Delay to recompression less than 3 hours and use of deep treatment tables did not improve outcome in DCS divers.

Keywords: Diving, Decompression sickness, Spinal cord